Berapa banyak hutan yang hilang pada tahun 2018?

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Ini adalah arsip Forest Pulse, yang diperbarui setiap tahun menggunakan data kehilangan tutupan pohon tahunan untuk memberikan gambaran komprehensif mengenai hilangnya hutan di seluruh dunia. Pembaruan tahunan dirilis setiap tahun dan mencakup tren tahun sebelumnya. Lihat analisis terbaru di sini.

Dunia Kehilangan Hutan Primer Seluas Belgia di Tahun 2018

Daerah tropis kehilangan 12 juta hektar tutupan pohon pada tahun 2018. Ini merupakan kehilangan tahunan tertinggi keempat sejak dimulainya pencatatan pada tahun 2001. Yang paling memprihatinkan adalah hilangnya 3,6 juta juta hektar hutan hujan primer seluas negara Belgia. Angka-angka tersebut berasal dari data terbaru Universitas Maryland yang dirilis Global Forest Watch hari ini.

Hutan primer, atau hutan hujan tropis “primer” adalah ekosistem hutan yang sangat penting yang menyimpan pepohonan berumur ratusan bahkan ribuan tahun. Jenis hutan ini menyimpan lebih banyak karbon dari hutan lainnya. Dalam hal melestarikan keanekaragaman hayati, tidak ada yang dapat menandingi peran hutan primer. Hutan hujan primer juga merupakan habitat bagi berbagai jenis fauna, mulai dari orangutan dan gorila gunung hingga jaguar dan harimau. Sekali hutan ditebang, tidak mungkin kembali utuh seperti semula.

Saat ini, untuk pertama kalinya, data baru terkait lokasi hutan primer dapat menunjukkan tingkat kehilangan tutupan hutan untuk jenis hutan yang penting ini dibandingkan dengan jenis hutan lain (baca data tersebut lebih lanjut di sini ). Data tersebut menunjukkan bahwa di balik meningkatnya jumlah pemerintah dan perusahaan yang memberikan komitmen nol deforestasi, angka kehilangan hutan hujan primer pada tahun 2016 dan 2017 justru menembus rekor tertinggi yang dipicu oleh terjadinya kebakaran. Tingkat kehilangan hutan hujan primer di atas rata-rata ini terus berlanjut di tahun 2018.

Terdapat perbedaan tingkat kehilangan hutan hujan primer di masing-masing wilayah – termasuk penyebab kejadian, lokasi kejadian dan dampak yang ditimbulkan. Berikut adalah rincian tren angka kehilangan hutan di seluruh dunia:

Negara Mana yang Mencatatkan Tingkat Kehilangan Hutan Hujan Primer Paling Tinggi?

Pada tahun 2002, 71 persen dari total tingkat kehilangan hutan primer terjadi di dua negara saja – Brasil dan Indonesia. Namun data terbaru menunjukkan adanya pergeseran, di mana Brasil dan Indonesia hanya menyumbang 46 persen dari total kehilangan hutan hujan primer pada tahun 2018, sementara negara-negara seperti Kolombia, Pantai Gading, Ghana dan Republik Demokratik Kongo mengalami kenaikan angka kehilangan hutan yang signifikan.

Indonesia Mengurangi Tingkat Kehilangan Hutan Primer secara Masif

Melanjutkan tren penurunan yang dimulai pada tahun 2017, tahun lalu Indonesia mencatat tingkat kehilangan hutan primer terendah sejak tahun 2003. Di tahun 2018, angka kehilangan hutan primer 40 persen lebih rendah dibandingkan rata-rata tingkat kehilangan hutan primer tahunan di periode 2002-2016.

Sementara itu, angka kehilangan hutan lindung di negara ini mengalami penurunan yang jauh lebih signifikan lagi. Hal ini menunjukkan keberhasilan kebijakan pemerintah yang dikeluarkan akhir-akhir ini. Pada tahun 2016, pemerintah mengeluarkan moratorium untuk pemanfaatan lahan gambut dengan kedalaman lebih dari 3 meter. Angka kehilangan hutan langsung turun 80 persen dibandingkan dengan rata-rata tahunan di periode 2002-2016. Lebih jauh lagi, pada sejumlah area dilindungi di bawah kebijakan moratorium hutan Indonesia, angka kehilangan hutan primer menurun 45 persen pada tahun 2018 dibandingkan dengan periode 2002-2016.

Penurunan tersebut telah menghasilkan sejumlah manfaat yang sudah dirasakan Indonesia, terutama dalam hal keuangan. Pada bulan Februari, Norwegia mengumumkan akan memberikan kompensasi bagi Indonesia atas upaya pengurangan emisi terkait deforestasi yang diterapkan, sebagai bagian dari komitmen kemitraan iklim dan hutan yang ditandatangani kedua negara tersebut pada tahun 2010.

Meskipun penurunan angka kehilangan hutan primer selama dua tahun belakangan cukup menjanjikan, perjuangan melawan deforestasi belum berakhir. Pada dua tahun terakhir, iklim Indonesia cukup mendukung sehingga kebakaran fatal seperti yang terjadi di tahun 2015 dan menghanguskan 2,6 juta hektar hutan dapat terelakkan. Tahun ini Indonesia akan kembali mengalami El Niño (meskipun tidak sedahsyat El Niño di tahun 2015-2016). Kondisi ini menyebabkan kekeringan hutan yang mengarah pada kebakaran berkepanjangan. Akibat gelombang panas, pada tahun 2019 lebih dari 1.000 hektar hutan di provinsi Riau terbakar, dan pemerintah tengah mengantisipasi kebakaran lain yang mungkin timbul.

Angka Kehilangan Hutan di Brasil Masih Tinggi Setelah Lonjakan yang Terjadi Akibat Kebakaran

Angka kehilangan hutan primer di Brasil pada tahun 2018 lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan lonjakan akibat kebakaran hutan pada tahun 2016-2017. Meski lebih rendah, angka tersebut tetap lebih tinggi dari periode 2007-2015, dimana Brasil berhasil mengurangi tingkat deforestasi sebesar 70 persen. PRODES, sistem pemantauan resmi pemerintah Brasil untuk wilayah Amazon, juga menunjukkan tren peningkatan deforestasi sejak 2012 (baca lebih lanjut tentang perbedaan dua dataset tersebut di sini ). Meskipun angka kehilangan hutan di tahun 2018 dapat dikaitkan dengan kebakaran, kenyataannya sebagian besar angka kehilangan justru disebabkan oleh tebang habis yang terjadi di Amazon. Dengan begitu, angka pengurangan deforestasi yang telah dicapai Brasil pada awal 2000-an terancam mundur.

Beberapa titik api yang menyebabkan kehilangan hutan primer terjadi di dekat dan di dalam wilayah adat. Contohnya, lebih dari 4.000 hektar pembukaan lahan ilegal terjadi di perbatasan cagar alam Ituna Itata pada paruh pertama tahun 2018, lebih dari dua kali lipat total kehilangan yang tercatat selama periode 2002-2017. Cagar alam ini merupakan tempat tinggal sejumlah masyarakat terasing yang masih tersisa di dunia, yang hidupnya bergantung pada hutan yang telah dilestarikannya selama berabad-abad.

Masih terlalu dini untuk memperkirakan bagaimana pelemahan hukumperlindungan alam dan penerapannya di bawah pemerintahan Brasil yang baru akan berdampak pada angka kehilangan hutan. Tingkat kehilangan hutan primer yang tinggi pada tahun 2018 terjadi sebelum Bolsonaro diangkat menjadi presiden (meskipun terdapat bukti yang menunjukkan bahwa tingkat deforestasi melonjak saat musim pemilu). Oleh karena itu, kita masih harus menunggu data tahun depan.

Hutan Amerika Selatan Semakin Terancam

Walaupun Brasil mengalami penurunan deforestasi pada awal 2000-an, tidak demikian halnya dengan daerah-daerah lain di Amerika Selatan. Tingkat kehilangan hutan primer di Kolombia, Bolivia dan Peru terus meningkat sejak pergatian abad, meskipun masing-masing dipicu oleh masalah yang berbeda.

Di Kolombia angka kehilangan hutan primer meningkat 9 persen antara tahun 2017 dan 2018, melanjutkan tren kenaikan yang siginifikan sejak tahun 2016. Ironisnya, angka kehilangan hutan primer ini disebabkan oleh proses perdamaian di wilayah Amazon. Sebelumnya diduduki oleh Pasukan Bersenjata Revolusioner Kolombia (FARC), area ini kini dibuka untuk pembangunan. Sangat disayangkan Taman Nasional Tinigua turut menjadi korban pembukaan hutan yang tidak terkendali ini, dengan tingkat kehilangan hutan sekitar 12.000 hektar pada tahun 2018, 6 persen dari total luas hutan tersebut.

Di Bolivia, sebagian besar kejadian kehilangan hutan primer berkaitan dengan konversi hutan menjadi lahan pertanian dan padang rumput berskala besar, khususnya di Chaco. Sementara itu, di Peru, kehilangan hutan umumnya disebabkan oleh lahan pertanian berskala kecil – termasuk beberapa produksikoka ilegal. Peru juga mengalami peningkatan pembangunan jalur penebangan baru di daerah-daerah terpencil di Amazon pada tahun 2018, ditambah dengan pembukaan lahan untuk tambang emas ilegal yang masih terus berlanjut di sebelah selatan negara tersebut.

Angka Kehilangan Hutan Primer Meningkat di Afrika sub-Sahara dan Madagaskar

Angka kehilangan hutan mencapai rekor baru di beberapa bagian wilayah Afrika.

Ghana dan Pantai Gading mengalami persentase kenaikan kehilangan hutan primer tertinggi pada periode 2017 dan 2018 dibandingkan negara tropis mana pun (masing-masing 60 persen dan 26 persen). Sebagian disebabkan oleh penambangan ilegal dan sebagian lagi disebabkan oleh ekspansi perkebunan kakao yang masih terus berlanjut, meskipun lokasi dan angka kehilangan hutan pastinya sulit untuk ditentukan. Ghana, Pantai Gading serta sejumlah perusahaan kakao dan cokelat terkemuka pada tahun 2017 memberikan komitmen untuk mengakhiri deforestasi dalam rantai pasokan kakao. Meskipun ini adalah langkah pertama yang menjanjikan, kenaikan angka kehilangan hutan primer baru-baru ini – terutama di wilayah yang dilindungi, dimana 70 persen angka kehilangan hutan terjadi – sangatlah mengkhawatirkan. Sektor kakao membutuhkan sistem pemantauan yang efektif seperti Global Forest Watch Pro yang akan diluncurkan akhir tahun ini untuk membantu mengurangi angka kehilangan hutan di tahun-tahun mendatang.

Di Republik Demokratik Kongo, angka kehilangan hutan meningkat 38 persen pada tahun 2018 dibandingkan dengan periode 2011-2017. Sekitar tiga perempat kehilangan hutan primer tersebut kemungkinan disebabkan oleh ekspansi pembukaan hutan skala kecil untuk lahan pertanian dan kayu bakar. Beberapa pola kehilangan hutan primer menunjukkan bahwa pertanian baru berskala menengah dan perpindahan penduduk yang disebabkan oleh konflik turut berkontribusi terhadap angka kehilangan hutan tersebut.

Terakhir adalah Madagaskar yang kehilangan 2 persen hutan hujan primernya pada tahun 2018, lebih tinggi dari tingkat kehilangan hutan hujan primer negara tropis mana pun. Meskipun sebagian besar angka kehilangan ini disumbang oleh pertanian dengan teknik tebang dan bakar, sebagian juga disebabkan oleh penambangan safir ilegal di dekat bagian utara wilayah terlindungi Koridor Zahamena Ankeniheny dan penambangan nikel di bagian selatan Koridor.

Menyelamatkan Hutan Hujan Primer Dunia

Ratusan negara dan perusahaan telah berkomitmen untuk mengurangi atau menghapus deforestasi pada tahun 2020. Semakin dekat dengan tenggat waktu tersebut, beberapa negara menunjukkan kemajuan nyata dalam upaya penurunan angka kehilangan hutan primer, namun masih banyak juga negara yang justru melakukan hal sebaliknya. Laporan awal dan tingginya tingkat kehilangan hutan primer pada tahun 2018 menunjukkan bahwa perjalanan untuk mencapai target di atas masih panjang. Melihat pentingnya langkah pencegahan perubahan iklim yang tidak terkendali dan kepunahan keanekaragaman hayati yang tidak dapat dikembalikan, kita perlu mengendalikan angka deforestasi – sebelum semuanya terlambat.

Para penulis berterima kasih kepada Peter Potapov dan Svetlana Turbanova dari Universitas Maryland yang telah memperbarui dataset kehilangan tutupan pohon.

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